Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific condition characterized by the presence of hypertension in association with significant amount of proteins in the urine usually after 20 weeks of gestation. Although there are many possible causes for the condition, preeclampsia refers to a set of symptoms rather than any causative factor. It may also occur up to 6 weeks post- partum . Apart from the delivery of the baby and induction of labor, there is no known cure. Preeclampsia is associated with high maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. It is believed to be responsible for 15% of premature deliveries and 17.6% of maternal deaths in the United States. Approximately 14% of maternal deaths per year are associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia worldwide and one of the most common pregnancy complications that may affect both the mother and the unborn child.
Preeclampsia is diagnosed if the pregnant woman develops a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more taken in two separate readings at least 6 hours apart and 300 mg of protein in a 24- hour urine sample or proteinuria. Symptoms of preeclampsia can include edema of the hands, face and eyes although some swelling is considered normal in pregnancy. Severe headaches, changes in vision including temporary loss of vision, blurred vision or light sensitivity, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and decreased urine output are some symptoms included. Studies show that women are more likely to develop preeclampsia if they have any of the following risk factors namely: first pregnancy, obesity, family history of preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, age less than 20 years or over 35, personal history of preeclampsia, history of chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disorder, certain blood- clotting disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, other autoimmune disorders and women of African- American descent. Other factors that may be associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia include: having other health conditions, vitamin D insufficiency and high level of certain proteins.
Most women with preeclampsia deliver healthy babies. The more severe the preeclampsia and the earlier it occurs in pregnancy, may have a greater risks for the mother and the baby. Caesarian section or induced labor may be necessary. Complications may include the following. First, lack of blood flow to the placenta. Inadequate blood flow means less oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby. This can lead to low birth weight, preterm birth and slow growth. Second, Placental Abruption. Severe abruption can cause life threatening situation such as hemorrhage. Third, HELLP Syndrome. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme, low platelets is a form of severe preeclampsia that has been linked to high maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Fourth, When preeclampsia isn’t controlled, eclampsia can develop. Preeclampsia plus seizures can permanently damage your vital organs including your brain. If left untreated, it can cause coma and death. Lastly, Cardiovascular Disease. Having preeclampsia may increase the risk of future cardiovascular problems.
The only cure for preeclampsia is the delivery of the baby either by labor or caesarian section. Post partum preeclampsia is dangerous to the health of the mother. High blood pressure can sometimes be managed with anti hypertensive medication, but any effect this might have on the progress of the underlying disease is unknown.
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August 2, 2010, 8:20 am